Further information

For more information, consult the following on the RSPCA Knowledgebase:

RSPCA key links

RSPCA policies

Knowledgebase articles

Further reading and external references

Acarcinom Cancer Data Portal: https://www.acarcinom.org.au
Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities. https://www.amrric.org
Animal welfare incident reporting for Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Animal welfare incident reporting - DAFF
Animal Welfare Indicators at the Slaughterhouse - aWISH
Social Media Animal Cruelty Coaltion: https://www.endcrueltyonline.com
Brereton JE, Tuke J, Fernandez EJ. Incorporating the enclosure MonitoR use (EMU) app to ZooMonitor observations technical report. Zoo Biology. 2025;44:383–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21909
Campbell D, Erasmus M. Poultry welfare monitoring: wearable technologies. Understanding the behaviour and improving the welfare of chickens [Internet]. 1st edition. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing; 2020. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003048039-6/poultry-welfare-monitoring-wearable-technologies-dana-campbell-marisa-erasmus
Carvalho AF, De Morais IOB, Souza TB. Profiting from cruelty: Digital content creators abuse animals worldwide to incur profit. Biol Cons. 2023;287:110321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110321
Cave, N (2025) Beef on the brink of a tech revolutions: Wearables on NZ Hill Country. Natasha-Cave_K-54-Kellogg-Report.pdf
Coghlan S, Parker C. Harm to nonhuman animals from AI: a systematic account and framework. Philos Technol. 2023;36:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00627-6
Coghlan S, Parker C. Helping and not harming animals with AI. Philos Technol. 2024;37:20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00712-4
Dawkins MS. Smart farming and Artificial Intelligence (AI): How can we ensure that animal welfare is a priority? Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2025;283:106519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106519
Englefield B, Starling M, Wilson B, Roder C, McGreevy P. The australian roadkill reporting project—applying integrated professional research and citizen science to monitor and mitigate roadkill in australia. Animals. 2020;10:1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071112
Feighelstein M, Riccie-Bonot C, Hasan H, Weinberg H, Rettig T, Segal M, et al. Automated recognition of emotional states of horses from facial expressions. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0302893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302893
Fisher A, Cornish A. 2022.  Independent scientific literature review on animal welfare considerations for virtual fencing.  Report for Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Fogarty E, Swain D, Cronin G, Trotter M. A systematic review of the potential uses of on-animal sensors to monitor the welfare of sheep evaluated using the Five Domains Model as a framework. Anim Welf. 2019;28:407–20. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.407
Geoghegan JL, Pirotta V, Harvey E, Smith A, Buchmann JP, Ostrowski M, et al. Virological sampling of inaccessible wildlife with drones. Viruses. 2018;10:300. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060300
Guzhva O, Siegford JM, Lunner Kolstrup C. The hitchhiker’s guide to integration of social and ethical awareness in precision livestock farming research. Front Anim Sci. 2021;2:725710. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.725710
Harrington LA, Elwin A, Paterson S, D’Cruze N. The viewer doesn’t always seem to care—response to fake animal rescues on YouTube and implications for social media self‐policing policies. People Nat. 2023;5:103–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10416
Herlin A, Brunberg E, Hultgren J, Högberg N, Rydberg A, Skarin A. Animal welfare implications of digital tools for monitoring and management of cattle and sheep on pasture. Animals. 2021;11:829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030829
Hryhorenko L, McWhorter T, Whittaker A, Fernandez EJ. The use of technology as environmental enrichment in zoos: A scoping review. Anim Welf. 2025;34:e73. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2025.10038
Lee C, Campbell DLM. A multi-disciplinary approach to assess the welfare impacts of a new virtual fencing technology. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:637709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.637709
Lucas, M. Digital innovations to improve animal welfare in education. https://padlet.com/meganlucas1/digital-innovations-to-improve-animal-welfare-in-education-vin2gvkpnbsk9np8
Mahato S, Neethirajan S. Integrating Artificial Intelligence in dairy farm management − biometric facial recognition for cows. Inf. Process. Agric. 2025;12:312–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2024.10.001
March, D. (2025) Collars, costs and returns: Assessing the value of cow wearables in the NZ pasture systems Kellogg_Rural_Leadership_Programme_NZ_David_March_2025.pdf
Martvel G, Lazebnik T, Feighelstein M, Henze L, Meller S, Shimshoni I, et al. Automated video-based pain recognition in cats using facial landmarks. Sci Rep. 2024;14:28006. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78406-2
Mota-Rojas D, Whittaker AL, Coria-Avila GA, Martínez-Burnes J, Mora-Medina P, Domínguez-Oliva A, et al. How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1546719. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1546719
Neethirajan S, Scott S, Mancini C, Boivin X, Strand E. Human-computer interactions with farm animals—enhancing welfare through precision livestock farming and artificial intelligence. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1490851. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1490851
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Science Update

Revision #10
Created 2026-02-13 00:48:25 UTC by Admin
Updated 2026-02-20 00:20:03 UTC by Admin